Author

RWSC Bird & Bat Tracking Working Group

Published

7/10/26

FAQs Answered: Tracking Birds and Bats in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Using the Motus Wildlife Tracking System

Introduction

This document provides responses to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) developed by the Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group of the Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative (RWSC). These FAQs address immediate information needs raised by stakeholders seeking guidance on the design and coordination of bird and bat tracking studies related to offshore wind energy development. They are focused intentionally on high-priority topics where near-term clarity is needed; they are not intended to serve as comprehensive tracking guidance.

The information in this document reflects the collective scientific expertise of the committee and is intended for informational purposes only. Discussions of permits, regulatory frameworks, or compliance considerations are provided as general background and should not be interpreted as legal advice or as a determination of what permits or authorizations may be required for any specific activity. Permit requirements vary based on the nature of the activity, location, species involved, and other factors, and are subject to change. Readers should consult the relevant regulatory agencies and qualified legal counsel to determine the requirements applicable to their situation.

Purpose

A large number of entities are funding and implementing bird and bat tracking work aimed at better understanding offshore animal movements in the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf. Given the number of entities involved in these efforts and the various goals of ongoing and planned tracking studies, these Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) were developed to promote: 1) consistency in practices and implementation, and 2) the scientific utility of data collected across studies. Adoption of these best practices and recommendations will facilitate cost-effective research and ensure transparency of resulting data to answer key scientific questions.

Audience

These FAQs are primarily intended for researchers planning or conducting tracking studies, as well as agencies, funders, and developers supporting such work. Not all topics will be relevant to all users. For example, some offshore wind energy developers may have predefined focal species for tagging efforts and may not require species prioritization guidance. However, each FAQ topic has been identified by stakeholders within the RWSC Bird and Bat Subcommittee and/or the Tracking Working Group as an area where additional guidance or consolidation of existing guidance is needed, and this FAQ document represents the current collective recommendations available at this time.

Scope

The geographic scope of this guidance is the U.S. Atlantic region, with an emphasis on areas where offshore wind projects are proposed, permitted, under construction, or operational. Although tailored to this region, many of the considerations outlined here may be relevant elsewhere.

The primary methodological focus is automated telemetry via the Motus Wildlife Tracking System (“Motus”; Taylor et al. 2017), reflecting the substantial number of bird and bat tracking efforts planned for offshore wind-related studies in the near term. Some content may also apply more broadly to other tracking and biologging technologies (e.g., Argos, GPS).

Why should all bird and bat tracking efforts in relation to offshore wind energy development be coordinated through the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group?

Tracking studies are one of the few tools that can reveal offshore movements, habitat use, and individual interactions with wind energy infrastructure. They are essential to inform conservation and management and are increasingly central to regulatory decision-making for offshore wind development. Because these studies are expanding rapidly and often focus on a small set of priority species of regulatory interest, coordination is essential to ensure that tagging efforts are scientifically robust, ethically responsible, and maximally informative.

As a collaborative international system, Motus (Taylor et al., 2017) provides researchers with opportunities to contribute to a shared database and leverage infrastructure across a broad geographic range to better understand animal movements. Small tag sizes make tracking with the Motus network a particularly useful tool for studying smaller-bodied birds and bats, including many species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) that are of regulatory interest in relation to offshore wind energy development in the United States. However, offshore data collection presents technological and logistical challenges, so fully utilizing these new technologies for offshore movement studies requires coordination on focal species, deployment timing and locations, and Motus station build-out to manage expectations and maximize investments in tracking effort. In addition, federal regulators have required deployment of Motus stations on offshore turbines as well as deployment of Motus tags across multiple offshore wind projects (BOEM, 2023, 2024a, 2024b, 2024c; Table 1). As a result, the volume of offshore-related tagging studies implemented or funded by developers, agencies, and researchers is increasing rapidly, creating a clear need for region-wide planning. The RWSC serves as a coordination hub for offshore wind research. As a voluntary multi-sector collaborative entity, the RWSC supports collaboration and coordination on marine life and offshore wind research in U.S. Atlantic Waters. The Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group within the Bird and Bat Subcommittee was established to address this need and to bring together focused expertise on bird and bat tagging to support coordination efforts. For all bird and bat tagging studies with interest in offshore movement in the U.S. Atlantic, it is recommended that funders and researchers coordinate with the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group. The process for coordination is detailed in the section [What is the process for coordinating bird and bat tracking efforts through the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group?]

Coordinating tracking studies through the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group provides the following benefits:

  1. Efficient use of tags, infrastructure, and limited permits: Many focal species have strict permit requirements for handling, especially ESA-listed birds and bats with small populations. Coordinated planning avoids unnecessary duplication of efforts, reducing stress on animals and risk.
  2. Leverage existing resources and identify funding opportunities: Collaboration across field efforts can maximize resources and leverage individual expertise with a species or technology. Collaboration may also lead to identification of additional funding to support new or ongoing project efforts.
  3. Consistency in methods and data standards: Early alignment on tag frequencies, burst intervals, attachment methods, and data/metadata standards improves data comparability, reduces preventable data loss, and facilitates regional-scale analyses.
  4. Strategic offshore Motus infrastructure: Coordinated installation, calibration, and maintenance of coastal and offshore receivers improve detectability of tagged animals, fill network gaps, and increase the value of every deployed tag. Shared logistics and troubleshooting can also reduce project costs and downtime.
  5. Integration across the growing number of offshore wind-related tagging efforts: Multiple developers, agencies, NGOs, and academic groups are planning deployments. RWSC coordination ensures these efforts complement rather than duplicate one another, and that results contribute to a regional understanding of offshore movements.
  6. Leverage subject matter expertise: The Working Group convenes species and technology experts who can provide insight on study design, methodological decisions, regulatory considerations, and practical challenges unique to offshore environments through regular RWSC Working Group meetings, and provides a network of potential project partners with relevant expertise.
  7. Alignment with the RWSC Science Plan: The RWSC Science Plan (2024) identifies coordinated bird and bat tracking as a regional priority for offshore wind research. The Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group was established specifically to operationalize this priority and provide the structure needed for effective coordination.

Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group Objectives

  1. Convene subject matter experts to coordinate bird and bat tracking projects in the U.S. Atlantic
  2. Prioritize tag deployment for bird and bat species offshore
  3. Identify research and data gaps
  4. Support study design, protocols, and planning
  5. Facilitate partnerships and logistical coordination
  6. Promote data sharing, metadata standards, and access
  7. Support collaborative regional analyses
  8. Communicate and disseminate results

Proposed Motus tagging efforts by active offshore wind energy projects in documents made public by BOEM

Proposed Motus tagging efforts by active offshore wind energy projects in documents made public by BOEM. Support for bird tagging ranges from 50 to 300 tags per year, per project. There is currently no proposed Motus tagging of bats in the reviewed post construction monitoring frameworks. Tagging totals and species are subject to change as plans are finalized or through consultation with USFWS. *Final study species and/or number of tags/funding will be determined in coordination with USFWS and/or has not yet been made public.
Project ID

Bird tags

(per year)

Bat tags

(per year)

 Species Years Total tagged individuals
Empire Wind1,2 130-300 0* Piping Plovers, Red Knots, Roseate Terns 3 390
Sunrise Wind3,4 150 0 Piping Plovers, Red Knots, Roseate Terns* 3 450
Revolution Wind5 150 0 Piping Plovers, Red Knots, Roseate Terns* 3 450
Vineyard Wind 16 150 0 Roseate Terns, Common Terns, nocturnal passerine migrants 3 450
South Coast Wind7,8 130-300 0 Piping Plovers, Red Knots, Roseate Terns* 3 390-900
South Fork Wind9,10 50 0 Roseate Terns 3 150
TOTAL ~2,280-2,790

What is the process for coordinating bird and bat tracking efforts through the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group?

Bird and bat tagging studies that provide information about offshore movements and interactions with offshore wind development in the U.S. Atlantic are being funded and carried out by state, federal, industry, non-profit, and academic partners. Because many of these efforts focus on overlapping species, regions, and study questions, early and ongoing coordination with the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group is strongly recommended (see [Why should all bird and bat tracking efforts in relation to offshore wind energy development be coordinated through the RWSC bird and bat tracking Working Group?]).

Research funders

Funders developing RFPs for bird and bat offshore tracking studies should reach out directly to the RWSC Research Director, Julia Dombroski (julia@rwsc.org). RWSC facilitates research funding coordination through a dedicated forum that is separate and independent from RWSC subcommittees and working groups to prevent potential conflicts of interest. This forum facilitates research coordination by promoting discussions among funders and providing guidance and examples for all stages of the RFP and procurement process, including how to incorporate coordination expectations, data governance and sharing requirements, and budget allocations to cover these activities.

Researchers

Researchers developing study proposals or plans for offshore bird and bat tracking should initiate the coordination process by contacting RWSC Bird and Bat Subcommittee coordinator Zara Dowling (zdowling@umass.edu). Zara can identify relevant topics from past or upcoming RWSC Bird & Bat Subcommittee meetings and assist with the recommended coordination activities outlined below.

Planning of Research Projects

During the project planning stage, the researcher or principal investigator develops the study plan, including scope, personnel roles, and timelines. Often this work is conducted as part of drafting a proposal, or as part of defining a specific scope of work between proposal acceptance and the finalization of a grant award or contract.

In the project planning stage, researchers are strongly encouraged to take the following actions:

  • Attend RWSC Bird and Bat Subcommittee meetings – Subcommittee meetings are public forums that enable participants to stay up to date on offshore wildlife research being conducted by members of the RWSC community (Meeting links and agenda).

  • Reference available databases and planning tools – Researchers should review the RWSC Research Planning Map, the RWSC Research Database, the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group Project Database, the Motus Data Explorer, and Movebank to assess current tracking work being done in a particular region or with specific species of interest. The RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group Project Database is a centralized location for information on tracking studies focused on offshore movement data. The database is managed by the Working Group and is used to update other RWSC resources (i.e. the Research Database and Research Planning Map) regarding studies specific to tracking birds and bats.

  • Incorporate coordination activities into project proposals, study plans, and budgets – Researchers should incorporate specific coordination actions into proposals or study plans. For example, prior to project kick-off, researchers should plan to engage with the RWSC Bird and Bat Subcommittee and/or Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group to inform selection of focal species, tag types, deployment locations, and/or other planning logistics. Researchers should also plan to provide research updates at regular intervals to the Subcommittee and/or Working Group. Recognizing that coordination requires time and effort, we recommend allocating staff time to carry out these coordination activities into project budgets.

  • Incorporate data management and sharing into project proposals, study plans, and budgets – Researchers should develop plans for making data publicly accessible (as appropriate) in databases recommended by RWSC. Data Management and Sharing Plans (DMSPs) should be used to detail plans for data management in a clear and consistent manner. Staff time should be allocated in project budgets to allow for QA/QC of collected data, appropriate formatting for identified databases, database fees (if any), and other planned aspects of data management and sharing.

Implementation of Research Projects

The Working Group recommends that all bird and bat tracking projects that have secured funding complete the following steps to coordinate with RWSC:

  • Schedule a time to present at an upcoming RWSC meeting – Reach out to the RWSC Bird and Bat Subcommittee coordinator, Zara Dowling (zdowling@umass.edu), to schedule a time to present to the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group and/or the Bird and Bat Subcommittee on the planned project and receive feedback on the proposed study plan. Topics of discussion may include focal species, study locations, methods, study design, data management and sharing, and other relevant topics. Researchers may also request detailed feedback on study plans in written format.

  • Submit project to the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group Tracking Database – The project should be submitted to the tracking database via the online submission form. Basic project information is required, including study objectives, focal species groups, tagging locations, and basic methods. The Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group will directly reach out to project Principal Investigators (PIs) to request regular project updates, including changes in project status (proposed, active, or completed) or updated project details to be submitted via the project update form. Project submission and update forms are available on the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group Webpage for PIs to access as needed to submit new or update existing projects. The project submission will be used to update the RWSC Research Database to minimize the information researchers are asked to submit.

  • Submit study location information to the RWSC Research Planning Map – Study locations, once known, should be added to the RWSC research planning map via the online submission template.

  • Provide regular updates at RWSC meetings – It is recommended that researchers regularly attend Working Group and/or subcommittee meetings to share occasional (formal or informal) project updates and identify further coordination opportunities with new projects.

The Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group will be developing a more structured coordination framework in 2026–27.

How should Motus data and metadata be managed for offshore bird and bat tracking studies?

As a collaborative network for automated radio telemetry, Motus leverages coordination of infrastructure and data sharing across a network of researchers through an open data framework. The model framework relies on FAIR principles facilitating data sharing and ensuring proper permissions and acknowledgments to collaborators. The Motus model framework is similar to eBird or bird banding programs, where all data is submitted and stored in a central repository (Motus) and in turn, the data is shared among users. As such, individual researchers have access to both (1) detections of their tags across all stations and (2) detections of all tags detected on their stations.

The success of Motus depends on researcher participation in the shared database through proper registration and diligent management of Motus tag and station metadata. Minimum metadata standards specific to offshore Motus stations were developed as part of a larger package of guidance documents for deployment and use of Motus at offshore wind energy facilities. See The Atlantic Offshore Wind Collaborative Research Group page on Motus to access the suite of guidance. More information on data sharing and metadata standards can be found at (https://docs.motus.org/en). The Motus Collaboration Policy provides comprehensive information on data management, access, and agreements for Motus data and metadata (Birds Canada, 2023c). Motus detection data can fit into two general categories:

Summary Data

Basic project information includes station and tag metadata and daily summaries for tag detections and tracks. This data is publicly accessible for viewing and download on the Motus website. It’s important to note that summary data provides an overview of detections but does not provide detailed information necessary to identify false positives and perform many analyses, which is only possible with Complete Data access.

Complete Data

Complete data provides additional information beyond summary data, including signal strength and direction, precise time stamps, and additional metadata fields that are needed for thorough data cleaning and analysis. By default, access is restricted to registered Motus collaborators and is available for download through the Motus R package (Birds Canada, 2026).

Data Accessibility

Data access (detections and metadata) is crucial for to support ecologically meaningful research and analysis. As such, we recommend that all Motus station data, tag data, and metadata be provided as non-proprietary information that is accessible to all registered Motus users in line with the default data access setting, ‘Open Detailed Data’ for Motus projects (Loring, Carlson, Gobeille, Makenzie, et al., 2023). It is also recommended that projects be designated within Motus as part of the Atlantic Offshore Wind Group. Designating a project as part of the Atlantic Offshore Wind Group does not change the way data and metadata are managed, but it allows for summary-level data across Group projects to be viewed at the regional scale (Loring et al., 2023).

PIs have the option to restrict access to Complete Data to project collaborators for 5 years, after which Complete Data will become open. While this is an option, the Working Group strongly recommends that data remain open, consistent with best practices for open data access. Prior to using data (summary or complete), researchers should correspond with Motus project PIs/data owners and properly acknowledge and cite the Motus project and project collaborators (Birds Canada, 2023c). A log of Complete Data downloads through the Motus R Package is available to PIs, who are responsible for monitoring data access and responding to collaboration requests.

Project Information and Coordination

The RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group is serving as the coordination hub for tracking research aimed at understanding offshore movements of birds and bats in the U.S. Atlantic, including Motus-related projects. This Working Group contributes to the RWSC’s core purpose of ensuring appropriate data and standards are in place to support scientific priorities (Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative, 2024). To that end, the Working Group manages and regularly updates the Tracking Database, which compiles information on ongoing, future, and completed tracking efforts for birds and bats in the U.S. Atlantic. This database is primarily used to aid in coordination, such as informing the design of new projects (e.g., to avoid duplication of effort) and connecting researchers with potential funders looking to support research efforts. Organizations that are planning to deploy tags (or are actively deploying tags) should submit a brief summary of project activities to the Tracking Research Database using the new project submission form (see [What is the process for coordinating bird and bat tracking efforts through the RWSC Bird and Bat Tracking Working Group?]).

What special considerations are there for tagging bird and bat species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act?

General permit requirements

Capture, handling, and/or tagging of birds and bats is subject to permitting by various authorities. When planning a tracking study, it is the responsibility of the PI(s) (hereafter also called “researcher(s)”) to account for lead times for obtaining all required permits prior to starting the proposed work. Required permits may include:

  • Federal permits (e.g., U.S. Geological Survey Federal Banding and Marking Permit): For birds, attachment of any type of tracking device requires a federal bird banding and marking permit issued by the USGS Bird Banding Laboratory (BBL) with specific authorization for tag attachment on the focal species.

  • State collecting or marking permits are required for all bird and bat tagging efforts in the state(s) where tags are to be deployed.

  • Local permits and/or permissions are commonly required from landowners who own property on which capture/tagging activity occurs (for example, a permit from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for work in a National Wildlife Refuge, or from a town or city for work in a municipal park).

  • Animal Care Approval from an institution or approved organization may be necessary before animal handling is permitted (typically known as an IACUC after the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees that provide these approvals for universities).

Permits for ESA-listed species

Handling Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed species in the U.S. requires special authorization beyond what is required for other taxa (above). This special authorization requires additional time to be processed, with typical lead times of 6–12 months.

Federal Permits

A specific endangered species authorization is required by the BBL to band or tag any federally listed bird species or federally protected bat species. Additional authorization from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may be required prior to applying for an endangered species authorization from the BBL. To ensure all permits requirements are met, researchers should contact their regional USFWS Endangered Species Program Office. Federal permitting requires advanced planning to accommodate approval timelines, and applicants are required to show extensive, species-specific experience in capture, handling, and tracking. For more information on USFWS permitting, see this link for access to the online ePermit submission portal.

Tagging studies of ESA-listed bird species should include post-deployment monitoring to assess potential tag effects when possible. Monitoring is particularly important when testing new tag technologies or attachment methods for an ESA-listed species. Monitoring for tag effects may include, but is not limited to, activities such as:

Implementing phased deployments to monitor a smaller subset of tagged birds for 48–72 hours to assess potential tagging effects prior to deploying additional tags (Paton et al., 2020); and

Monitoring to assess potential impacts of handling/tagging on survival or productivity (for birds tagged during the breeding season).

For bats, monitoring for tag effects is typically not required, but is nonetheless beneficial when feasible. Beyond tag effects, research leads for studies focused on ESA-listed hibernating bat species should anticipate additional tracking expectations, such as manual tracking to determine day roost, maternity locations, and/or foraging sites. Roosting studies for migratory tree bats may also be requested but will require more investment to track fast-flying bats across large spatial scales. In practice, roost identification for migratory tree bats will only be feasible if the tracked animal stays within the bounds of a defined area of interest.

State Permits

State permits are required for tagging most species, including ESA-listed species (see “general permit requirements,” above). States maintain their own lists of protected species that often vary in some respects from federal listing status, including lists of Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN), for which state agencies may request additional data collection or precautions when conducting tagging studies. Researchers should familiarize themselves with state threatened and endangered species lists and SGCN lists and reach out to relevant state staff well before the anticipated start date of their project to identify specific requirements that may be imposed by state agencies.

Importance of Coordination

Coordination with state and federal agencies on development of tagging and monitoring plans is recommended to ensure proper permits and approvals are received. The agency species biologist(s) will determine if the proposed work provides an overall benefit to the species and can provide guidance on adjustments to study plans prior to submitting applications for permits and authorizations. Advance planning is critical to the study development process to obtain proper permits or connect with researchers with existing permits for study species.

How should we approach species prioritization for tracking birds in relation to offshore wind energy development?

Several existing guidance documents and frameworks have identified criteria that can be used to prioritize research and monitoring activities for birds in relation to offshore wind energy development (Avian Displacement Guidance Committee, 2024; Regional Synthesis Workgroup of the Environmental Technical Working Group, 2023; Williams et al., 2024).  Additionally, existing species vulnerability indices (Kelsey, 2025; Robinson Willmott et al., 2013) and forthcoming (2026–2027) updates to the U.S. Atlantic avian vulnerability assessment can inform avian species prioritization for offshore wind-related studies. However, each research project is likely to have different considerations relating to factors such as geographic focus, funding sources, etc. (Regional Synthesis Workgroup of the Environmental Technical Working Group, 2023).

This FAQ focuses specifically on prioritizing focal species for avian movement studies in relation to offshore wind development using the Motus Wildlife Tracking System. These recommendations therefore focus primarily on small-bodied avian species (e.g., passerines, shorebirds) that are uniquely suited to the Motus system because they are either too small to carry GPS/satellite tags or have other logistical or bird safety issues that limit the use of such tags. When selecting focal species, we recommend prioritizing research on focal species hypothesized to have elevated risk levels from offshore wind development, as well as other factors such as logistical feasibility.

How to Asses Risk for Offshore Wind Energy Development

Broadly, potential risk to birds is determined by a combination of three factors: exposure, conditions and stimuli, and vulnerability (Figure 1; Crichton, 1999; Goodale & Milman, 2016; Williams et al., 2024). Exposure is the amount that an animal overlaps spatially or temporarily with the wind facility, including a species’ distribution offshore and whether flight altitudes overlap with the rotor-swept zone. Conditions and stimuli are attributes of a wind facility (e.g., lighting, distance from shore, turbine spacing) that may influence how individuals respond to the presence of offshore wind development. The final component of risk is vulnerability, which encompasses an individual bird’s sensitivity to effect (e.g., a bird’s morphology, behavior, habitat flexibility) and the population’s sensitivity to effect (e.g., related to demographics, population size, life history, and conservation status). These three factors are considered in offshore wind energy risk assessments as well as in avian vulnerability assessments (e.g., Kelsey, 2025; Robinson Willmott et al., 2013).

Figure 1. Exposure, conditions and stimuli, and vulnerability combine to determine the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds. These same considerations should also be considered when selecting focal species for avian tracking studies offshore in relation to offshore wind development. (Figure sourced from Williams et al., 2024. Modified from Crichton, 1999; Goodale & Milman, 2016).
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Footnotes

  1. Empire Offshore Wind Final Environmental Impact Statement: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Empire_Wind_FEIS_App_H_Mitigation%26amp%3BMonitoring_0.pdf↩︎

  2. RWSC research database: https://database.rwsc.org↩︎

  3. Sunrise Wind Farm Project Post-construction Avian Bird and Bat Monitoring Framework: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/SRW01_COP_AppP2_AvianBatPCM%20Framework_2022-08-19_508.pdf↩︎

  4. Sunrise Wind Farm BOEM Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/5774_App%20A_Sunrise%20Wind_Conditions%20of%20COP%20Approval_OCS-A%200487_FINAL.pdf↩︎

  5. Revolution Wind Avian and Bat Post-construction Monitoring Framework: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/RevWind-USFWS_BA_Appendix-C.pdf↩︎

  6. Vineyard Wind 1 Offshore Wind Energy Project Final Environmental Impact Statement: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Vineyard-Wind-1-FEIS-Volume-1.pdf↩︎

  7. Southcoast Wind Draft Post-construction Avian and Bat Monitoring Framework: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/SouthCoast_FEIS_AppG_Mitigation_Monitoring_Clean_508.pdf↩︎

  8. Mayflower Wind Project Biological Assessment:  https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Mayflower%20Wind_USFWS_BA.pdf↩︎

  9. South Fork Wind Farm Project BOEM Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/SFWF-COP-Terms-and-Conditions.pdf↩︎

  10. South Fork Wind Farm Final Environmental Impact Statement: https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/SFWF%20FEIS.pdf↩︎